Supplementary Data Sets Darras et al. 2025

Darras K.F.A., Rountree R.A., Van Wilgenburg S.L. (…), Marques M.I. (…), Schuchmann K.-L. (…), T. C. Wanger. 2025. Worldwide Soundscapes: A Synthesis of Passive Acoustic Monitoring Across Realms. Global Ecology and Biogeography. DOI: 10.1111/geb.70021 (pdf)

Table S1: Summary statistics for the geographical distribution of sampling sites in the different realms, across latitudinal and topographical gradients

Realm	Mean latitude, range [°]	Mean topography, range [m]
Freshwater	35 (-32,57)	191 (0,3770)
Freshwater-Marine	22 (-32,50)	-6 (-51,1)
Marine	15 (-69,72)	-405 (-10900,110)
Marine-Freshwater-Terrestrial	28 (-38,70)	0 (-9,10)
Marine-Terrestrial	33 (-16,56)	65 (-20,450)
Subterranean	-6 (-6,-6)	653 (277,810)
Subterranean-Freshwater	22 (22,23)	NaN
Terrestrial	37 (-69,70)	637 (0,4548)
Terrestrial-Freshwater	23 (-31,53)	400 (-6,2024)

Table S2: Spatial and temporal sampling coverage in terms of sampling sites and sampling days per site, within ecosystem functional groups, grouped by biomes within realms, following the IUCN Global Ecosystems Typology(Keith, Ferrer-Paris, Nicholson, & Kingsford, 2020), based on soundscape meta-datasets included in the Worldwide Soundscapes database. Some low temporal coverage values may be rounded to 0.

Realm	Biome	Functional group	Area [km^2]	Sites	Temporal coverage per site [d]
Terrestrial	Tropical-subtropical forests biome	Tropical/Subtropical lowland rainforests	8343493	1357	34
Terrestrial	Tropical-subtropical forests biome	Tropical/Subtropical montane rainforests	1650275	252	95
Terrestrial	Tropical-subtropical forests biome	Tropical/Subtropical dry forests and thickets	5395719	138	236
Terrestrial	Tropical-subtropical forests biome	Tropical heath forests	223066	64	89
Terrestrial	Temperate-boreal forests and woodlands biome	Deciduous temperate forests	4737664	3181	18
Terrestrial	Temperate-boreal forests and woodlands biome	Boreal and temperate high montane forests and woodlands	12171277	2712	15
Terrestrial	Temperate-boreal forests and woodlands biome	Warm temperate laurophyll forests	2831170	224	1
Terrestrial	Temperate-boreal forests and woodlands biome	Temperate pyric sclerophyll forests and woodlands	172491	78	684
Terrestrial	Temperate-boreal forests and woodlands biome	Oceanic cool temperate rainforests	855944	36	161
Terrestrial	Temperate-boreal forests and woodlands biome	Temperate pyric humid forests	207743	7	1477
Terrestrial	Shrublands and shrubby woodlands biome	Seasonally dry temperate heath and shrublands	1820671	190	264
Terrestrial	Shrublands and shrubby woodlands biome	Seasonally dry tropical shrublands	246784	7	4
Terrestrial	Shrublands and shrubby woodlands biome	Cool temperate heathlands	190755	0	0
Terrestrial	Shrublands and shrubby woodlands biome	Young rocky pavements, lava flows and screes	1752367	0	0
Terrestrial	Savannas and grasslands biome	Trophic savannas	3759470	228	4
Terrestrial	Savannas and grasslands biome	Pyric tussock savannas	15732745	106	986
Terrestrial	Savannas and grasslands biome	Temperate woodlands	7216911	37	1056
Terrestrial	Savannas and grasslands biome	Hummock savannas	684073	10	365
Terrestrial	Savannas and grasslands biome	Temperate subhumid grasslands	9676075	3	0
Terrestrial	Polar/alpine (cryogenic) biome	Polar tundra and deserts	5528355	304	72
Terrestrial	Polar/alpine (cryogenic) biome	Temperate alpine grasslands and shrublands	4881364	287	26
Terrestrial	Polar/alpine (cryogenic) biome	Tropical alpine grasslands and herbfields	177047	58	141
Terrestrial	Polar/alpine (cryogenic) biome	Polar/alpine cliffs, screes, outcrops and lava flows	1806749	6	34
Terrestrial	Polar/alpine (cryogenic) biome	Ice sheets, glaciers and perennial snowfields	16715155	1	4
Terrestrial	Intensive land-use biome	Plantations	19445793	562	5
Terrestrial	Intensive land-use biome	Urban and industrial ecosystems	9498980	405	21
Terrestrial	Intensive land-use biome	Annual croplands	23597212	331	29
Terrestrial	Intensive land-use biome	Derived semi-natural pastures and old fields	22262354	296	139
Terrestrial	Intensive land-use biome	Sown pastures and fields	26764931	193	2
Terrestrial	Deserts and semi-deserts biome	Sclerophyll hot deserts and semi-deserts	3239850	32	1678
Terrestrial	Deserts and semi-deserts biome	Semi-desert steppe	13325240	23	1724
Terrestrial	Deserts and semi-deserts biome	Succulent or Thorny deserts and semi-deserts	1836801	15	1
Terrestrial	Deserts and semi-deserts biome	Hyper-arid deserts	4590239	6	32
Terrestrial	Deserts and semi-deserts biome	Cool deserts and semi-deserts	7399041	1	2
Marine	Pelagic ocean waters biome	Epipelagic ocean waters	360419256	180	506
Marine	Pelagic ocean waters biome	Mesopelagic ocean water	334825581	21	828
Marine	Pelagic ocean waters biome	Sea ice	34040730	20	326
Marine	Pelagic ocean waters biome	Bathypelagic ocean waters	319407004	15	687
Marine	Pelagic ocean waters biome	Abyssopelagic ocean waters	272382441	1	169
Marine	Marine shelf biome	Photic coral reefs	5418204	187	43
Marine	Marine shelf biome	Subtidal mud plains	31654790	81	440
Marine	Marine shelf biome	Subtidal sand beds	31654790	53	329
Marine	Marine shelf biome	Subtidal rocky reefs	31654790	37	240
Marine	Marine shelf biome	Seagrass meadows	3054851	27	238
Marine	Marine shelf biome	Kelp forests	2409185	9	13
Marine	Marine shelf biome	Shellfish beds and reefs	6944349	4	505
Marine	Marine shelf biome	Photo-limited marine animal forests	31276008	2	2
Marine	Marine shelf biome	Upwelling zones	3052042	1	95
Marine	Deep sea floors biome	Continental and island slopes	19555151	42	453
Marine	Deep sea floors biome	Chemosynthetic-based-ecosystems (CBE)	1716366	8	328
Marine	Deep sea floors biome	Deepwater biogenic beds	203723553	7	115
Marine	Deep sea floors biome	Abyssal plains	247963714	5	1048
Marine	Deep sea floors biome	Submarine canyons	4386833	4	341
Marine	Deep sea floors biome	Hadal trenches and troughs	6955196	1	359
Marine	Deep sea floors biome	Seamounts, ridges and plateaus	57050685	1	2
Marine	Anthropogenic marine biome	Submerged artificial structures	8762580	10	182
Marine	Anthropogenic marine biome	Marine aquafarms	9343092	9	21
Freshwater	Rivers and streams biome	Permanent lowland rivers	1351261	139	51
Freshwater	Rivers and streams biome	Seasonal lowland rivers	1304042	15	2
Freshwater	Rivers and streams biome	Large lowland rivers	718843	11	8
Freshwater	Rivers and streams biome	Episodic arid rivers	2136890	1	13
Freshwater	Rivers and streams biome	Freeze-thaw rivers and streams	13072135	1	378
Freshwater	Rivers and streams biome	Seasonal upland streams	16213367	1	19
Freshwater	Rivers and streams biome	Permanent upland streams	7085982	0	0
Freshwater	Lakes biome	Small permanent freshwater lakes	166635	93	207
Freshwater	Lakes biome	Large permanent freshwater lakes	643901	39	346
Freshwater	Lakes biome	Permanent salt and soda lakes	428359	1	8
Freshwater	Lakes biome	Artesian springs and oases	475490	0	0
Freshwater	Lakes biome	Ephemeral freshwater lakes	73255	0	0
Freshwater	Lakes biome	Ephemeral salt lakes	1136371	0	0
Freshwater	Lakes biome	Freeze-thaw freshwater lakes	12099415	0	0
Freshwater	Lakes biome	Geothermal pools and wetlands	528692	0	0
Freshwater	Lakes biome	Seasonal freshwater lakes	454622	0	0
Freshwater	Lakes biome	Subglacial lakes	70903	0	0
Freshwater	Artificial wetlands biome	Rice paddies	5791268	18	16
Freshwater	Artificial wetlands biome	Constructed lacustrine wetlands	37224442	11	4
Freshwater	Artificial wetlands biome	Canals, ditches and drains	13216648	3	131
Freshwater	Artificial wetlands biome	Large reservoirs	8726072	1	873
Freshwater	Artificial wetlands biome	Freshwater aquafarms	20607575	0	0
Subterranean	Subterranean lithic biome	Aerobic caves	12688679	7	1
Subterranean	Anthropogenic subterranean voids biome	Anthropogenic subterranean voids	18126519	0	0
Marine-Terrestrial	Supralittoral coastal biome	Coastal shrublands and grasslands	1770542	13	6
Marine-Terrestrial	Shorelines biome	Sandy Shorelines	1089123	7	6
Marine-Terrestrial	Shorelines biome	Boulder and cobble shores	728035	0	0
Marine-Terrestrial	Shorelines biome	Muddy Shorelines	145654	0	0
Marine-Terrestrial	Shorelines biome	Rocky Shorelines	1452282	0	0
Marine-Terrestrial	Anthropogenic shorelines biome	Artificial shorelines	681154	0	0
Subterranean-Freshwater	Subterranean freshwaters biome	Underground streams and pools	12688679	7	86
Subterranean-Freshwater	Subterranean freshwaters biome	Groundwater ecosystems	17416482	0	0
Subterranean-Freshwater	Anthropogenic subterranean freshwaters biome	Flooded mines and other voids	16782429	0	0
Subterranean-Freshwater	Anthropogenic subterranean freshwaters biome	Water pipes and subterranean canals	32101390	0	0
Terrestrial-Freshwater	Palustrine wetlands biome	Seasonal floodplain marshes	1220146	86	120
Terrestrial-Freshwater	Palustrine wetlands biome	Tropical flooded forests and peat forests	1239398	79	25
Terrestrial-Freshwater	Palustrine wetlands biome	Boreal, temperate and montane peat bogs	13471527	56	10
Terrestrial-Freshwater	Palustrine wetlands biome	Subtropical/temperate forested wetlands	22557222	16	208
Terrestrial-Freshwater	Palustrine wetlands biome	Permanent marshes	397429	12	184
Terrestrial-Freshwater	Palustrine wetlands biome	Boreal and temperate fens	15012885	8	15
Terrestrial-Freshwater	Palustrine wetlands biome	Episodic arid floodplains	467656	0	0
Subterranean-Marine	Subterranean tidal biome	Anchialine caves	93142	0	0
Subterranean-Marine	Subterranean tidal biome	Anchialine pools	93142	0	0
Subterranean-Marine	Subterranean tidal biome	Sea caves	1429873	0	0
Marine-Freshwater-Terrestrial	Brackish tidal biome	Coastal river deltas	652553	64	111
Marine-Freshwater-Terrestrial	Brackish tidal biome	Coastal saltmarshes and reedbeds	68921	16	67
Marine-Freshwater-Terrestrial	Brackish tidal biome	Intertidal forests and shrublands	150345	2	438
Freshwater-Marine	Semi-confined transitional waters biome	Permanently open riverine estuaries and bays	3184031	52	125
Freshwater-Marine	Semi-confined transitional waters biome	Intermittently closed and open lakes and lagoons	1431473	10	21
Freshwater-Marine	Semi-confined transitional waters biome	Deepwater coastal inlets	264394	0	0

Table S3: Summary statistics of the soundscape case studies

Functional group	Diel time windows	Sites	Dates	Biophony occupancy	Geophony occupancy	Anthropophony occupancy	Silence occupancy
Large lowland rivers *	evening, morning, night, noon	4	2014-06-20 – 2014-06-21	0.22	0	0	0.78
Riverine estuaries	evening, morning, night, noon	3	2014-01-12 – 2015-05-02	0.49	0	0.14	0.42
Tropical montane rainforests	evening, morning, night, noon	4	2021-05-04 – 2021-05-05	0.22	0.05	0.01	0.72
Island slopes	noon	4	2019-07-25 – 2019-08-05	0	0	0.32	0.68
Photic coral reefs	evening, morning, night, noon	3	2017-06-06	0.75	0.02	0.05	0.22
Plantations	evening, morning, night, noon	4	2016-06-15 – 2016-06-16	0.29	0	0.05	0.67
Tropical lowland rainforests	evening, morning, night, noon	4	2016-06-15 – 2016-06-16	0.61	0	0	0.39
Bathypelagic ocean waters	evening, morning, night, noon	3	2022-03-21 – 2022-03-22	0.03	0	0	0.96
Small permanent freshwater lakes	evening, morning, night, noon	3	2023-03-08	0.17	0.03	0	0.62
Urban ecosystems +	evening, morning, night, noon	8	2022-02-24 – 2023-05-27	0.16	0.05	0.43	0.42
Aerobic caves **	evening, morning, night	4	2023-06-05 – 2023-06-14	0.26	0	0	0.71
Polar outcrops #	evening, morning	4	2021-12-23 – 2021-12-24	0.02	0.14	0.04	0.82

*: 5-minute recordings recomposed from five 1-min recordings recorded over 1 hour with a 1/10 duty-cycle. **: 5-minute recordings recomposed from 5-second recordings recorded over half an hour with a 5 s / 25 s duty cycle #: 24 kHz sampling frequency, no noon or night at this latitude +: human voices removed with high-pass filter ~: closest 10 min to solar times chosen from 30/60 min duty-cycled recordings in Montreal (maximum offset: 10 min)

Figure S1: A) Availability of recordings and published articles of the datasets in the different core realms, displayed as percentages, as determined by the presence of openly-accessible internet links and DOIs. Total dataset number indicated above bars.

Figure S2: Percentage of datasets that sample all time windows of each cycle in the different core realms. Exact values indicated above bars.

Figure S3: Timeline of temporal coverage across realms, without terrestrial sites

Figure S4: A) Geographic locations of the Worldwide Soundscapes (WWSS) database marine sampling sites and of Havlik et al.’s(Havlik et al., 2022) datasets. B) Geographic locations of the Worldwide Soundscapes (WWSS) database terrestrial sampling sites and of Sugai et al.’s(Sugai et al., 2019) sampling sites (reproduced with permission).